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This paper reviews economic developments in the Islamic Republic of Iran during 1990–96. Iran experienced heightened macroeconomic instability in the first quarter of 1995/96. Among the contributing factors, the announcement by the United States of intensification and extension of sanctions had a pronounced negative impact on expectations. This triggered a run on the foreign exchange market and buying in the goods market. The free market exchange rate shot to Rls 6,200 per US$1 and consumer prices rose by 14 percent during April–May, which raised the 12-month consumer price inflation to 59 percent in May.

Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Trade: General --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- International economics --- Exchange rates --- Exports --- Imports --- Oil exports --- International trade --- Iran, Islamic Republic of

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Actinidia chinensis --- Actinidia chinensis --- Fruit --- Fruit --- postharvest technology --- postharvest technology --- Exports --- Exports --- Europe --- Europe --- New Zealand --- New Zealand

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While the literature on external debt repayment performance by sovereign debtors is extensive, repayment performance vis-à-vis the International Monetary Fund has not been dealt with separately. Given differences between the Fund and other providers of financial resources, this paper considers whether it is possible to distinguish through logit analysis between the countries that make timely repayments to the Fund and those that become overdue. The paper finds that the inclusion of Fund-specific financial variables and a small number of macroeconomic variables yields a highly significant econometric model of the probability of a country incurring Fund arrears.

Exports and Imports --- International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Trade: General --- International economics --- Arrears --- External debt --- Debt service --- Debt burden --- Exports --- International trade --- Debts, External --- Cambodia

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This Selected Issues paper and Statistical Appendix describes the evolution of Botswana’s exchange rate regime against the background of the country’s main economic developments and trade relations. The paper reviews the main changes that have taken place in Botswana’s exchange rate arrangement, and discusses the development of the country’s external trade. Indicators of competitiveness are presented, and some conclusions are drawn about the appropriateness of Botswana’s exchange rate regime and its role in economic diversification.

Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Inflation --- Trade: General --- Price Level --- Deflation --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Exports --- Exchange rate arrangements --- Imports --- Real effective exchange rates --- International trade --- Prices --- Botswana

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Exports --- Export credit --- International trade --- International finance --- Forfaiting --- Crédit à l'exportation --- Forfaitage --- Exportations --- Commerce international --- Finance --- Finances